Employee Relations †Trade Unions Essay

In the early days of capitalism employers, in their struggle for maximum profits, were able to act with almost complete ruthlessness in their treatment of workers. They could take advantage of every rise of unemployment or inflow of immigrant workers to reduce wages to a bare minimum, using the lock-out if necessary to starve workers into submission. They imposed excessive hours of labor and ordered temporary extensions of normal hours without giving overtime pay. They employed workers in overcrowded and unsanitary factories and workshops, and exposed them to frequent accidents from dangerous machinery. They introduced new working processes and machinery at will, often replacing men by lower-paid women and children. Factory discipline was like that of a military force, and workers who ‘mutinied’ could be sacked and, by arrangement with other employers, blacklisted, so that they could not get work elsewhere. Employers accepted no responsibility for payment of wages during sickness, and workers sacked or disabled had to rely on their own resources. Trade unions were formed to resist these pressures. The basic idea was that, by combining together, workers could get better terms, protect individuals against victimization and provide payments out of union funds during strikes or lockouts. As the immediate consequence of successful union action was to reduce the employers’ profits, their reaction was predictable and they did everything they could to crush the unions. They got the government and Parliament to declare the unions illegal for organizations under laws carrying savage penalties. They declared that British industry would be ruined by the unions and the workers would become unemployed. They had the backing of the church and of most economists in their anti-union campaign, yet so desperate was the condition of the workers that unions went on being formed and operating. Unable to suppress them the government finally, in 1824, made them legal. Employers have come to learn that trade unions can be useful to them. Now only a few employers and eccentric capitalists are anti-union. Most employers, especially the bigger ones, including the nationalized industries and the government, accept trade unions as â€Å"social partners† whose joint task it is to see that industry runs smoothly and with a minimum of industrial trouble. Employers have had to come to terms with trade unions and strikes. In return for recognition (sole bargaining rights, compulsory union membership and sometimes the deduction of dues from wages and representation on various joint committees) trade unions are expected to keep their members in order and, if necessary, discipline them: for example, if they interrupt production by going on unofficial strike. Most unions in Britain today are prepared to accept such a deal. The question arises to what extent modern trade unions can still be regarded as democratic organizations, in the sense of being run by and for the workers. That the unions do provide a service for their members cannot be denied. What is relevant in this context is the extent to which trade unions are run by their members. Most unions have formal democratic constitutions which provide for a wide degree of membership participation and democratic control. In practice however, these provisions are sometimes ineffective and actual control of many unions is in the hands of a well-entrenched full-time leadership. It is these leaders who frequently collaborate with the State and employers in the administration of capitalism; who get involved in supporting political parties and governments which act against the interest of the working class. But it would be wrong to write off the unions as anti-working-class organizations. The union has indeed tended to become an institution apart from its members; but the policy of a union is still influenced by the views of its members. A union is only as strong as its members. For without their participation at the place of work, and without their willingness to go on strike or take some other form of industrial action, a union would be in a weakened position with regard to the employer. Although the First International lasted for only a few years it left behind unions in many countries which appreciated the need for international organization, leading in 1901 to the formation of the International Federation of Trade Unions representing for each country national federations like the TUC. At the same time international organizations were formed representing unions in particular industries, such as the miners, the transport workers, engineering workers, etc. The statutory recognition rights provided by the Employment Relations Act 1999 appear to offer substantial new legal support for trade unions in Britain. It is, however, far from clear how substantial this support will prove to be in practice, or how far it will alter the extent and conduct of collective bargaining. There have already been some broad-ranging analyses in anticipation of the legislation (McCarthy, 1999; Wood & Godard, 1999; Towers, 1999). Although the law increasingly acknowledges alternative forms of employee representation, the promotion of collective bargaining through a recognized trade union is ‘still the favored means of advancing the interests of both unions and workers’ (McCarthy, 2000). There are inherent difficulties in using legal sanctions to bring parties to the bargaining table; the 1999 Act, accordingly, holds the threat of statutory recognition in reserve for situations where the parties have failed to make provision for voluntary recognition. This ‘procedural’ emphasis means that, on close inspection, what appears to be a statutory right to recognition is in fact nothing of the sort. The Act is therefore likely to disappoint those who see it as the harbinger of a new right to collective bargaining. The new recognition procedure arguably makes more sense as part of a wider package of measures aimed at advancing ‘partnership’ at work. However, this is not necessarily consistent with the priority given to the recognized trade union as the preferred model of employee representation. The problem is not simply that the new law will have little or no impact on workplaces where union influence, while significant, is nevertheless far below the membership thresholds set for statutory recognition. Even where the union can show majority support within the relevant bargaining unit, the new law does little to promote an active, continuing dialogue between the parties. This is in contrast to the alternative ‘information and consultation’ model of employee representation which is found in various forms in mainland Europe and which has enjoyed, from time to time, the support of the TUC. This approach arguably has the potential to promote partnership based on dialogue in many more workplaces than those which will be affected by the new recognition law, and, indirectly, to widen the range of matters over which bargaining takes place. A natural assumption might be that the act of trade union recognition is clear-cut. A reasonable starting point would be that it is comparable with other acts of legitimation or authorization of status such as the granting of citizenship, or the granting of diplomatic recognition to a foreign government. By such actions governments provide access to a range of rights which are in principle both defined and enforceable and, furthermore, relate to third parties. Employers, however, are very different from governments. The rights that they can grant to trade unions are solely with regard to transactions with themselves, and do not normally bind third parties. As a result, in the context of British labor law, the definition and enforcement of these rights is both more private and more problematic. This elusive character of recognition rights has increased with the decline of industrial agreements in Britain. Forty years ago, the granting of recognition to a union would, for the great majority of workplaces, imply at very least conformity with the appropriate industrial agreement. With this conformity would come not only substantive rights to such things as pay and hours minima, but also procedural rights to union representation, both in individual disciplinary procedures and in collective procedures to vary the agreements. Today, with a few exceptions (such as in the electrical contracting, construction, and knitwear industries) such agreements have largely disappeared. They now cover only a small proportion of the minority of British employees who are still covered by any sort of collective bargaining (Cully & Woodland, 1998). For nearly 70 per cent of all those covered by collective bargaining, and for over 80 per cent of all those covered within the private sector, bargaining is conducted not by sector or industry, but at the level of the individual enterprise, or of some subordinate part of it (Brown et al. 2000). Bargaining at the level of the enterprise does not necessarily precede on the basis of formally defined recognition rights. The law does not require a recognition agreement to be in writing. Formal acknowledgement of a union’s rights often amounts to little more than the specification of its role in a grievance or discipline procedure, or giving it a named role in consultation procedures. There may be no written document indicating that a union has negotiation rights on specified issues. Even where a union plays a substantial role of representation and bargaining within an enterprise, there may be few clues to such an entitlement from anything that has been written down. Whether or not anything is written down, the status granted to a union by an employer is not a black-and-white issue. It is, as we see further below, a matter of degree. The depth of trade union recognition granted by an employer depends, in part, upon the scope of bargaining, which is another way of describing the range of issues on which bargaining is permitted (Clegg, 1976). Other aspects of the depth of recognition include the employer’s predisposition to make concessions during collective bargaining, the facilities that are offered to trade unions, the extent to which the bargaining relationship is formalized, and the extent to which the employer communicates with employees other than through union channels. The mere fact that an employer has granted union recognition tells one little about the practical value of that to the trade union in terms of effective collective bargaining. There are various legal concepts of recognition, the meanings of which depend on the purpose they are meant to serve. Recognition may be a passport not just to collective bargaining but to certain statutory rights. If an employer voluntarily recognizes a union, it comes under a statutory obligation to consult representatives of that union before making certain redundancies; where there is a transfer of the undertaking; before contracting-out of the state earnings-related pension scheme; and in relation to health and safety matters (Deakin & Morris, 2001). Recognition also entitles the union to claim disclosure of information for collective bargaining purposes, and entitles union members to time off for certain activities. In these contexts, ‘recognition’ refers to ‘the recognition of the union by an employer, or two or more associated employers, to any extent, for the purposes of collective bargaining’. Collective bargaining is defined as ‘negotiations relating to or connected with’ a range of matters grouped under seven categories and including, inter alia, terms and conditions of employment; the physical conditions of work; engagement; termination; allocation of work; discipline; trade union membership; trade union facilities; and machinery for negotiation or consultation (Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, s. 78). It is sufficient that the employer negotiated with a union on any one of these matters for the union to be recognized in this sense. With the passage of the 1999 Act, an additional definition of recognition was needed, one which would identify those matters over which the employer would have a duty to bargain. Essentially, this means that the scope of matters over which statutory recognition arises are narrower than the range of matters which the law associates with the practice of voluntary recognition. Thus, the nature of the power relationship between the employer and the trade union will continue to be highly relevant in determining the scope and extent of bargaining, just as it was prior to the coming into force of the new procedure. There are several other respects in which the new statutory right to recognition is tightly circumscribed. In particular, an application for statutory recognition can only be lodged in respect of bargaining units over which there is not, already, a voluntary recognition agreement. More specifically, a union which is, itself, already recognized over any one of ‘pay, hours or holidays’ (emphasis added) (Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, Sched. A1, para. 35(2) (b)) is apparently barred from bringing a claim for statutory recognition in respect of the relevant bargaining unit. Nor can a union use the statutory procedures to challenge a rival, incumbent union, unless that union is non-independent, and even then, the procedure for statutory derecognition is highly complex (Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, Sched.  A1, Part VI). At first sight, the new procedure enshrines a right to recognition over pay, hours and holidays for unions which can show that they have majority support in the relevant bargaining unit. On closer inspection, this right is far from universal since it only arises in respect of bargaining units where either no union is recognized or where the matters over which recognition has been conceded do not cover any part of the statutory core of ‘pay, hours and holidays’. Moreover, it is in essence a right to invoke a procedure rather than a right to achieve a particular outcome. An employer can avoid the imposition of a statutory order by making a voluntary agreement at one of a number of stages within the recognition procedure. If this occurs, the union can hold out for bargaining over the statutory core, knowing that, if it can show majority support in a ballot or otherwise, the CAC must grant it a declaration of statutory recognition. However, the content of statutory recognition is then dependent on the remedies which are made available against a recalcitrant employer.

Dell Computer Company

DELL’s Working Capital 1. How was Dell’s working capital policy a competitive advantage? Dell has achieved low working capital by keeping its work-in-process and finished goods inventory very low. The competitive advantage Dell achieves from this is that its inventory is significantly lower than its competitors, it does not require large warehouses for stocking the inventories and Dell is also able to adapt the fastest to technology changes in the components. The competitors would find it difficult to adapt to technology changes in a short time because they have larger inventories than Dell does. In short, Dell builds computers only when ordered and thus does not spend much capital as a result. The declining DSI means that Dell takes increasingly shorter days to sell its inventory. 2. How did Dell fund its 52% growth in 1996? Dell needed the following amount to fund its 52% growth in 1996 (using exhibit 4&5): Operating assets (OA) = total assets – short term investment OA in 1995 = 1594 – 484 = 1110 Mil USD Operating Asset to Sales ratio = 1110/3457 = 32% Sales increased from 3457 to 5296 Mil USD in 1996. Multiplying the operating asset to sales ratio by the increase in sales 0. 2 x (5296 – 3457) = 582 mil USD, which is the operating assets that Dell needed to fund its 52% growth. This increase in assets meant an increase in liabilities too, proportional to the sales. The increase in liabilities would be: Liabilities in 1995 = 942 Mil USD Liabilities to Sales ratio = 942/3475 = 27. 1% Increase in liabilities = 0. 271 x (5296 – 3475) = 494 mil USD S o, Dell would have an increase in operating assets of 582 mil USD and an increase in liabilities of 494 mil USD. The short investments would remain the same as it is not related to operations. Operational profit would increase with the Operating Profit to Sales ratio: (net profit/sales) x (5296 – 3457) = (149/3457) x (5296 – 3457) = 227 mil USD In all, we see that a sales increase of 52% has to be funded by 582 mil USD operating assets. The sales increase would also bring additional 494 mil USD in liabilities, while generating 227 mil USD of operating profit, with short term investments remaining the same at 484 mil USD. As a result, any two combinations of liabilities, operational profit or short term investments would be sufficient to offset the 582 mil USD operating assets needed to sustain the 52% sales growth. In 1995, as shown earlier, the operating asset to sales ratio was 32%. Similarly, the ratio in 1996 was (2148 – 591)/5296 = 29. 4%. The difference in the percentages is 2. 54%. This decrease in operating assets in year 1996 suggests that operating efficiency was improved by the same amount. Multiplying this difference in ratio by total sales in 1996: 5296 x 0. 0254 = 134. 5 mil USD, this amount can be reduced from the originally forecasted 582 mil USD to give the actual additional operating asset required to fund the 52% growth: 582 – 134. 5 = 447. 5 mil USD. The net margin in 1995, as shown earlier was 4. % (149/3457). In 1996 it increased to 272/5296 = 5. 14%. This net profit is an increase from the forecasted 227 mil USD (calculation shown earlier), and can be attributed to improved net margins. Also, we see an increase in current liabilities of 187 mil USD between 1995 and 1996. We also see that the sum of the increase in current liability and the net profit, of 199 6, is higher than the actual additional operating asset requirement: 272 + 187 = 459 mil USD > 447. 5 mil USD. Therefore, Dell funded its 1996 sales growth through internal resources, i. e. reducing its current assets and increasing its net margin. . Assuming Dell sales will grow 50% in 1997, how might the company fund this growth internally? How much would working capital need to be reduced and/or profit margin increased? What steps do you recommend the company take? For the year 1996, Operating Assets = Total Assets – Short term Investments = 2148 – 591 = 1557 Mil USD When the sales increases by 50% in 1997, operating assets are also expected to increase by 50%. So for 1997, Dell requires an operating asset of 1557 x 1. 5 = 2336 Mil USD. We should also assume that the net profit as a percentage of sales will increase proportionally by 50% for 1997. For 1996, Net profit as a percentage of sales = 272/5296 = 5. 14% For 1997, Net profit = 5296 x 0. 0514 * 1. 5 = 408 Mil USD For 1997, additional operating asset required = 2336 – 1557 = 779 Mil USD How could this be funded by Dell? Let us assume two scenarios Scenario 1: Let us assume the liabilities remain the same for the year 1997 even when sales increases by 50%, i. e. DELL would not go for any additional liability to fund the increase in operating asset and it would try to do it internally. As per the calculation shown in the attached exhibit, Dell would need 371 Mil USD to fund the increase in sales. The following are the ways DELL could fund this increase in operating asset 1. They could liquidate the short term investments of 591 Mil USD which would cover all of the additional funds required. 2. Dell could sell some of its fixed assets 3. They could reduce inventories, account receivables, and increase the account payables. They could bring down the working capital substantially by having a very low cash cycle. They could negotiate with their suppliers for a higher DPO. With the Just In Time (JIT) concept, they could receive payments immediately from their customers. Let us assume in 1997 Â   |Q4 1996 |Q4 1997 |Difference | |DSI |31 |20 |-11 | |DSO |42 |25 |-17 | |DPO |33 |50 |17 | |CCC |40 |-5 |-35 | So, there is a high possibility to attain a negative cash cycle which in turn saves on the working capital. Average daily sales in 1997 = 7944/365 = 21. 8 Mil USD Cost of sales in 1997 = (4229/5296) x 7944 = 6343. 5 Mil USD Average daily cost of sales in 1997 = 6343. 5/365 = 17. 4 Mil USD For the year 1997, savings due to improved cash cycle is Savings due to reduced inventory days = 11 x 17. 4 = 191. 4 Mil USD Savings due to reduced receivable days = 17 x 21. 8 = 370. 6 Mil USD Savings due to increased payable days = 17 x 17. 4 = 295. 8 Mil USD Total saving from cash cycle improvements = 857. 8 Mil USD Scenario 2: Let us assume liabilities for 1997 increase proportionally (50%) with the increase in sales, i. e. Dell would look for external funding for the increase in operating asset. As per the calculation shown in the attached exhibit, Dell would have enough money to fund the increase in sales with the corresponding increase in liabilities. In fact they will have an excess of 161 Mil USD assuming the long term debt remains unchanged. Dell could use this excess money to repay the long term debt or it could buy back some common stocks. 4. How would your answers to Question 3 change if Dell also repurchased $500 mil USD of common stock in 1997 and repaid its long-term debt? Let us assume Dell repurchased 500 Mil USD of common stock in 1997 and it also repaid its long term debt. In such a scenario, as per the calculation shown in the attached exhibit, Dell would need 452 Mil USD to fund the increase in sales. The points discussed in scenario 1 of Q3 holds good here as well.

The legalization of marijuana in united states Essay

The legalization of marijuana in united states - Essay Example Marijuana has devastating health effects on the user. Marijuana smoke has carcinogenic properties. Consequently, its use has deleterious impacts on heart rate, IQ (Intelligent Quotient), learning, psychosis, respiratory system, memory, coordination, mood and problem-solving abilities. Additionally, the neurocognitive performance is persistently impaired and may later reduce an individual to a zombie. What is scaring is the sheer fact that people who heavily use marijuana before reaching the age of 25 have a 75% chance of experiencing brain failure. Will legalization of such a substance not cause the population to be incapacitated health wise? Certainly it will and its legalization can only be equated to predicting disaster for the American society (Doug & peter 121). Statistics further indicate that approximately 9% of marijuana users become addicted and can hardly engage in any meaningful activity without using the substance. Legalizing marijuana will only increase the over 4.5 mill ion Americans who currently meet the clinical criteria for marijuana dependence, a fact that portends doom. What’s more, legalization of marijuana will lead to public safety being compromised. Use of the substance causes impairment which will in turn jeopardize the safety of users and other Americans at large, in the form of workplace injuries, traffic crashes, child neglect, and other such upsetting events. Evidently, not any of us would like to have an accountant, doctor, engineer or pharmacist who has to smoke marijuana before serving you. This is a clear indication that the about 50% of Americans who are against legalization of marijuana certainly understand the impacts that legalization of the substance will have and hence it should not be legalized. Additionally, legalizing marijuana for the mere reason that it has medicinal value is a mere rhetoric since scientific exploration does not uphold

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Composer from Baroque to the Classical period - Essay Example Bach was a violin and harpsichord virtuoso. His main style was of polyphonic texture whereby, the chords progressions directed the music’s motion, which made him a master of the fugue. Bach’s music was very baroque, a term adapted as a connotation for extravagant, excess, and emotionally expressive music. Therefore, his music was full of emotion and featured a basso continuo. Bach composed a total 1128 works for voice, orchestra, organ, keyboard, chamber, and canon. Bach also composed works that were either fragmented, spurious doubtful, or lost. Sebastian Bach composed for the organ, the harpsichord, the clavichord, and the violin. He lived in Germany. Bach’s cooperation with royalty was fuelled by his devotion to write Christian music, as evidenced by his compositions in his time at the Lutheran church. There were no direct political motives to write what he did. Bach’s influence on the Classical era is not profound. Although the classical musicians adop ted a new style of writing music, Mozart took interest in Sebastian Bach’s polyphonic tones in his Jupiter composition. Bach’s death in 1950 marked the end of the Baroque era and the beginning of the Classical period. Making him the most influential composer from the Baroque era to the Classical era. The Baroque period of music is a period that encouraged self-expression, formation of counterpoints, certain degrees of ornamentation and open forms. The period is known for its inconsistency; although the music in this era shares the same genre.

Choose a 1-2 paragraph passage from ancient Roman times and write a Essay

Choose a 1-2 paragraph passage from ancient Roman times and write a commentary on it - Essay Example This need to declare publically one’s belief during worship is emphasized in the bible, under the book of Romans 10: 9-10: I believe in God the Father Almighty, creator of heaven and earth. The first line of the creed offers a description of God as omnipotent and the maker of all that is in the heavens and the earth. This statement is meant to establish God as the creator and the only force behind creation and put an emphasis on his power. It also gives the origin of humanity and supports the Christian belief that God made man from his own image. This means that every human being was created in the likeness of God, and all persons are equal before the eyes of the Lord (Cooper 1). God is all-powerful and has the control of everything that exists in the universe. This is a quite contrast to some pagan beliefs, especially those found on most eastern religions, of two gods of equal strength. This first line exists to refute these claims and establish God as the only Supreme Being, whose power is unparalleled in the universe (Jones 6). And in Jesus Christ, His only son The second line defines Jesus Christ as the embodied son of God (Inyang 2). This is because many religions that were opposed to Christianity disputed the existence of Jesus Christ; leave alone the belief that he was the son of God. Other religions, such as Islam, consider Jesus to have existed as a mere minor prophet or a teacher. This statement therefore refutes this claim and places belief on Jesus Christ as the only son of God (McFall 1). Who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary? Jesus Christ, unlike any other human being, was born in a special manner. His birth into the humanly form was considered special because his mother, Mary, was a virgin at the time of his conception. The book of Matthew: 1: 23, in the New Testament, gives the prophecy of the birth of Christ. It states, â€Å"Behold, the virgin shall be with child and shall bear a Son, and they shall call His name Immanuel, which translated means, ‘God with us’† (New King James Version, Matthew: 1: 23). However, distinction exists between the Christian Catholics and the Protestants about the status of Mary. The Protestants view Mary as the human mother of God as opposed to the Catholics who view Mary as the mother of God (Jones 6). Suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried Although there were some historical debates as to the necessity of including the Pontius Pilate in the Apostle’s creed, it was quelled down by his historical significance he played in the crucifixion of Jesus Christ (Rufinus 38). The reference to the Pontius Pilate also places importance on the necessity of time line. This is because the reference places Jesus at a specific place in that period. It therefore authenticates the crucifixion of Jesus Christ (Jones 6). He descended into hell This statement is somehow controversial amongst many Christian scholars because it was not present in the roman manuscript and is missing in most protestant manuscripts (Jones 6). The word ‘hell’ in this phrase also does not refer to the hell that is highlighted in the book of revelations, but rather it refers to hades. This phrase refers to the victory of Jesus against death. It shows that Christians need not fear death as Jesus had already won the war for them (Calvin 5). The third day He rose again from the dead; He ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right

Schmid compliance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Schmid compliance - Essay Example This is a dicey issue. On one hand, the school, since it must make budget cuts, is being forced to eliminate the women’s varsity softball team. Also, one of the mens’ teams is being cut as well, so it would appear that the university is not being unfair in any manner. However, since the school is approximately 50% men and 50% women, and since 39% of women compete in sports, it seems as though the school may have a difficult time making their case for why this program should be cut. On one hand, the womens’ softball team does have less athletes, than say, the womens’ swim team. It would therefore seem like a logical choice that, in the face of budget cuts, the womens’ softball team would be the first to go. However, considering the fact that the school is comprised of about almost the same amount of men, it seems that the university would want to comply with Title IX. The female student athletes could probably make a reasonable argument that they wer e not being given reasonable accommodation under Title IX. These are the facts. 3. On which of OCR’s three â€Å"benchmarks† for measuring effective accommodation of student athletes’ interests and abilities might the college base its defense? What arguments could the college raise under each? The first benchmark is one that the college might base its defense on. The college could raise the factors under each benchmark that: a) the college had to make budget cuts; b) the cuts that were made were made both to the mens’ and womens’ teams;

Wildlife Diseases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wildlife Diseases - Essay Example Research has shown that the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans is the primary cause of the disease. A 2011 study reveals that 100% of healthy bats infected with this fungus cultured from diseased bats exhibited lesions and symptoms characteristic of the condition (in adherence to Koch’s postulate). The fungus thrives in low temperatures especially those between 4-15̊C (39-59̊F) and cannot withstand temperatures above 20̊C (68̊F). Consequently, it appears to favor infecting hibernating birds (Griggs, Keel, Castle & Wong, 2012). Some of the symptoms commonly associated with WNS are loss of body fats, unusual winter behavior such as flying, damaging and scaring of wing membranes and eventually death. The disease causes bats to rouse too frequently from torpor/ temporary hibernation and starve to death as a result of excessive activity. Most scientists and researchers, after extensive laboratory tests, believe that the condition is spread primarily through bat-to-bat transmission. Similar studies indicate that healthy birds in cages adjacent to those of infected bats do not catch the disease or develop symptoms. This means the fungus/ causal agent is not airborne and enhances the theory of contact transmission (Griggs, Keel, Castle & Wong, 2012). The fungus is thought to have originated from Europe because of the resistance exhibited by bats from such areas to the pathogen. They seem to have developed immunity over time and acted as vectors spreading the pathogen to the susceptible bats of the rest of the world (particularly those of North America).

The Narrator in the story Girl by Jamaica Kincaid Essay

The Narrator in the story Girl by Jamaica Kincaid - Essay Example Although the narrator is not male, the things she says to her daughter portray what is expected in a patriarchal society. The mother tries to raise her daughter in the same structure that she herself was raised in. she does not seem to question some of the expectations that she has on her daughter, she simply agrees with them and expects her daughter to do the same. To the reader, it is obvious that much of what the narrator teaches to her daughter is oppression, the same kind of oppression that Hook addresses in her essay (Hook 502). The narrator teaches her daughter on matters of how to obediently serve her husband and perform all the household chores that are associated with the house wife. However, she does not seem to appreciate that her daughter has and might have her own desires as a woman and as a human being. The type of nurturing that the narrator mother is trying to force on her daughter will influence her (the daughter) socially, psychologically and economically. In every thing that she does, she will always remember that society expects her to act in a certain way and that her needs do not matter. By portraying the narrator as a proponent of female oppression that is dominant in many patriarchal societies, Kincaid shows that in many societies today, women are bound to their husbands as well as their domestic affairs. The narrator tells the girl to â€Å" cook pumpkin fritters in very sweet oil, this is how to behave in the presence of men, this is how to bully a man†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kincaid). The narrator is like a drill sergeant, her work is to instill what she believes to be acceptable behavior to her daughter. When the daughter tries to intervene or ask a question, the mother ignores her and continues with her indoctrination. This... The paper dwells upon the narration of the story. By portraying the narrator as a proponent of female oppression that is dominant in many patriarchal societies, Kincaid shows that in many societies today, women are bound to their husbands as well as their domestic affairs. The narrator tells the girl to â€Å" cook pumpkin fritters in very sweet oil, this is how to behave in the presence of men, this is how to bully a man†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kincaid). The narrator is like a drill sergeant, her work is to instill what she believes to be acceptable behavior to her daughter. When the daughter tries to intervene or ask a question, the mother ignores her and continues with her indoctrination. This is symbolic of how women are expected to accept their roles without asking too many questions. They are not expected to venture outside their normal household chores. This is a clear indication of the difference between gender roles commonly found in many patriarchal societies.

Production Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Production Analysis - Essay Example In this span of time, considerations were made to generate eco-efficient inventions that led to introduction of the cotton gin. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, an invention that led to a lot of changes and influences concerning cotton production and agriculture in its entirety (Textile Technology Digest 75). This invention was the indubitable mother of inventions. Whitney had just been hired as a tutor in a plantation in Georgia. He witnessed and heard complains of workers who cried for heavy workload. Given Whitney’s interest in solving mechanical problems and as had been advised by Littlefield Greene, Whitney developed a brush like machine that was able to separate cotton from the seed (Textile Technology Digest 201). However, the Whitney’s machine was a crudely crafted box fitted with a cylinder, a row of saw-like teeth, and a crank. It cylindrical design allowed the raw cotton to be fed to the teeth like wire through the cylinder. The cylinder spurned around as the wire teeth passed the cotton via small-sized slits on a bar of wood. This process discarded the unwanted seeds as the cotton fibers pulled off. Whitney’s cotton gin was a stark and crude as the machine, but it increased the processing rates of cotton (Zanden 126). The efficiency of the invention was significant in that the cotton was inserted into the gin through a 16 inches manually controlled diameter pipe that moved around the cotton. Within the gin, there were roller spikes that helped in breaking the cotton modules into different parts. The loose cotton then went into the original starting point just like the trailer cotton. As the cotton moved, it carries a lot of moister that was removed by passing it through a dryer. The large clumps of cotton disintegrated into finer materials through the rotating spiked cylinders. Additionally, the gin was fitted with sieves that remove foreign materials such as leaves and

Housewives and Blue Collars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Housewives and Blue Collars - Essay Example Maduro wherein â€Å"E.S. Maduro tells the story of her mother and the typical "housewife" tale.    Her mother dated the same man her entire life, married right before college graduation, and stopped any working to pursue another career--motherhood.†(2) While the male of the household worked to support the family and did not contribute much to the running of the household. This social organization based on gender roles is vehemently attacked in the essay through the anger felt by the author: "I became angry at both of my parents: at my father that his chores (take apart and reassemble the kitchen sink, work in the garden, snow-blow the driveway) seemed interesting and challenging and were always impressive to friends and relatives, while my mothers endless chores seemed layered in routine and monotony."(3) The title of the essay itself is proof to this claim. The author wants to break away from the age-old concept that the woman should keep house, bear children and make ever yone happy. This is the reason why she continued to work and did not stay home when she settled in with her boyfriend. She chose a man who knew how to do chores at home with the view of sharing the household tasks between them. She had it all planned but the irony of it all that brings her great anger is that she eventually took on the role of her mother: â€Å"So there it is. In trying to avoid a life of an overworked housewife that I see my mother as having occupied for more than thirty years now.

Teacher preparation is critical to providing successful quality math education Essay Example for Free

Teacher preparation is critical to providing successful quality math education Essay It is possible to make every student a successful student. Here success could mean different things to different students and their teachers. When the full potential of a student is realized in the chosen avocation, one can infer that success is achieved. Teaching and learning happen the best when there is perceived interest in both the teacher and the learner. Nurturing education through better teaching and learning methods can enhance the ability of a teacher for providing quality mathematics education1 (Chism,1998). Because of the inherent anxiety in math education, additional preparation in terms of understanding the psychology of the students is a critical success factor. Many times we find impediments to teaching and learning either because there is no evident interest in the teacher or the learner or both; or there is no proper supporting mechanism/ system to augment the teaching and learning. In the following paragraphs, an outline of various teaching / instructional methodologies for the teachers and learning strategies for the students are outlined for best possible outcomes for both sides of the equation. These are meant for any teaching including mathematics. Based on my own personal experiences of teaching and learning and professional research, I outlined a few of the many methodologies.   Mention is also made of the importance of overall learning environment. Teaching / Instructional Methodologies2 (New Horizons For Learning,2002) a. Action Research Action Research is a very powerful strategy for instructional improvement and provides teachers the necessary skills for solving problems specific to their classrooms and their schools. By using a five step process – question, data collection, data analysis, findings and action plan – teachers can improve their own teaching skills while improving their classroom/school outcomes3 (Reed, 2000) b. Differentiated Instruction Differentiated Instruction takes into account the various ways in which students learn as against Direct Instruction which focuses mainly on memorizing facts and skills. Differentiated Instruction on the other hand focuses on concepts, understanding, readiness and interest. c. Environment for Learning: The definition or perception of Learning Environment from a curriculum and instruction based learning is changing to an environment for successful learning which is based on a variety of emotional, intellectual, visual and spatial stimuli. Schools located in such environs as zoos, museums, culture are redefining the way learning takes place and learning environment is created. d. Accelerated Learning Accelerated learning is based on the original work of ‘Suggestology’4 (Dr. Lozanov, 1978) which included relaxation, visual arts and music for teaching foreign language students. Accelerated learning takes into account various beliefs/theories such as Learning is dual-planned; there is no single stimulus etc. The Core Elements for Accelerated Learning include Physical Environment, Music, Teacher, Positive Atmosphere and a teaching Frame. Teaching Frame in turn includes three phases – Preparation, Active and Passive. e. Teaching for Understanding: This approach seeks to get answers to the three key questions: 1. What does it mean to understand? 2. How do we teach for understanding? 3. How do we assess understanding? Using the concept of ‘throughlines’ a teacher can engage the students continuously and throughout the year on the goals set out for understanding the concepts based on a set of predefined questions. Classroom based Learning Continuum Tool The Northwest Evaluation Association launched a tool   DesCartes: A Continuum of Learning. This tool is designed for teachers and principals to simplify the task of translating assessment data into specific skills and concepts5 (Business Wire, 2004). The tool is used to map mathematics, reading, and language usage skills along a continuum of learning, and connects each skill with test score ranges and state standards for all the states Teachers can use DesCartes information for: †¢ Identification of specific skills and concepts students need †¢ Selection of materials based on the diversity of skill levels within a class, and find appropriate materials for students at the extreme ends of the learning spectrum. †¢ Creation of flexible learning groups based on students performance and †¢ Collaboration with staff to successfully meet the needs of all learners6 (Grasha, 1996). Conclusion Teaching and Learning have become very critical in not only realizing the full potential of the learners but in doing so have become necessary tools to build a productive workforce. Teaching styles6, improvements in technology and expectations of parents, society have contributed to the growth of new methods of teaching, learning and creating new Learning Environments. Hence it is important that we assess the teachers for their ability and aptitude and also assess the learner’s ability and aptitude. A match making of these two would most definitely produce successful teaching and learning outcomes. Many of the methods discussed above would definitely make it is possible for every student to become a successful student and every teacher a successful teacher.

How it Relates to Greek Religion and Culture Essay Example for Free

How it Relates to Greek Religion and Culture Essay Ancient Greeks believed in a series of myths, which explained nature, set the moral code for the Greek people, and some were just entertaining stories. These myths turned the Greek world from a world of fear into a world of wondrous beauty. Many of these gods and goddesses were associated with a particular task or activity (Buxton). The Greek people believed that the gods were incorporated into every aspect of their lives. The Ancient Greeks, being a polytheistic culture, created many extravagant myths regarding 12 gods and goddesses that they believed to rule all aspects of their lives. These myths were an early science. They were the result of the Greeks trying to explain the world around them. The Greek people created their gods in their own image, naturally making heaven an enjoyable and familiar place (Hamilton). In Greek mythology the Gods did not create the universe, but instead, the universe created the gods. The mythology of the people of Greece begins with Homer in the Iliad and the Odyssey. It is in these epic poems that Homer tells the stories of the many gods and hero’s of Greece. We now know who and what the Greek gods were, but how are they relevant to the Greek Religion? It is important to know that the Greeks did not have a word for religion. Also they did not have any written text or scripture. When we talk about Greek religion we mean their ritual behaviors and their beliefs in sacred items, beings, and places (Cline). We also must remember that Greek mythology is not the same as Greek religion, though they are closely intertwined. The only requirement of the Greeks for their religion was to believe in the gods and perform sacrifices to them. These sacred acts, sacrifice and festivals, were the root of the Greek religion (Buxton). This seems to be a rather relaxing way to carry on in life, but not so. The Greeks attributed anything good happening to the gods being happy with them, also when something bad happened, for example, an earthquake, famine, or the loss of a battle, it was attributed to the gods being displeased with the Greeks (â€Å"Ancient Greece†). The Ancient Greeks were an extremely religious people, who spent their lives trying to please the gods through their sacrifice, festivals, and unwavering belief in them. Sacrifice was one of the most important ways to please the gods; they were thought to be gifts to the gods. The people of Greece would give a sacrifice not only of animals, but also bloodless sacrifices, such as food, grasses, grains, and incense (Christman). Each city had a temple erected to their patron god. In Athens they had built the Acropolis, with its main temple being the Parthenon, which was dedicated to Athena (which whom Athens was named after). Athena was Zeus’s daughter, and it is said in the myths that she was born from his head. Athena is known as the Goddess of war and the defender of the towns. She is usually shown in art dressed in full armor. Also associated with her is Nike the symbol of victory (Hamilton). These temples were not for worship, but they were believed to house the gods for which the temple was built. The only people who were allowed inside were the priests and priestesses, and that was only to keep it clean and take care of the god’s statue (â€Å"Ancient Greece†). The focus of the temple was no only the god or goddess but the sacrificial alter. Each temple had an alter outside for the worshipers to place their offerings. The sacrifices the Greeks made to their gods were their way of ensuring that they would be allowed to lead a normal happy life. The Greeks also took part in religious festivals and for further reassurance of their pleasing the gods went to oracles. We know that the Greek people participated in many religious festivals, but the details of these festivals are unknown. The main festival that the Greeks partook in was the Olympic games, in honor of Zeus. Zeus was the most powerful of all the gods, his power alone was greater than all of the other gods combined. He was the God of the Sky, bearing his thunderbolt, at which he would throw to earth striking anywhere he wished. His faults, however, entertain the idea that he is a man. Zeus is portrayed as falling in love with many women and trying to hide his infidelity from his wife Hera (Hamilton). The Olympic game festival occurred every fourth summer. Throughout Greece a truce was proclaimed so that all Greek citizens could come and participate (â€Å"Greek Religion†). The exception to this was women, they not only could not participate, but they could not even watch (Buxton). The Olympic games were held at the Stadium of Olympia, and the main event was the pentathlon, where the participants competed in five different events. This arena was also the very first monument of Greek Classical art (Kleiner). Another part of the Greek religion was the oracles. The most famous oracle was the Oracle of Delphi. The oracles were believed to be the messengers of the gods. But not any normal person could understand their messages, only the priests and priestesses could. The Greeks believed that the gods spoke in riddles, because the gods were more complex than the humans, and so the could not reply as the humans did (â€Å"Ancient Greece†). The festivals and the oracles were an important part of the Greek life. The Greek gods even found a place in the everyday life of a Greek citizen. Hestia, Zeus’s sister. She plays no part in the myths but was very important to the Greeks. She was the Goddess of the Hearth. Every home in Greece had a hearth dedicated to her where the fire was not allowed out go out, along with each city (Hunt). When a new town was founded the people would light a torch from the mother town and carry its fire to the hearth in the new town. Sound familiar; this is the proposed beginning of the Olympic torch. Also, when a child was born the family had to walk the newborn baby around the hearth before it was to be accepted into the family (Hamilton). Also, according to Hunt, boys were trained to have healthy strong bodies, not only to fight in the armies, but to be strong competitors in the Olympic games. Boys and girls were taught from very early ages about the gods and goddesses. They were taught how to respect and please them in their daily lives (â€Å"The Ancient Greeks†). Also most Greeks made some sort of sacrifice to the gods daily. This was to try and keep the gods happy and bring good fortune to themselves. There were many different ways that the people of Greece tried to keep the thought of their gods present in their daily lives. Religion impinged on the warfare of the city-states in a number of ways. The commanders frequently saw themselves as walking in the footsteps of their gods and heroic predecessors (Buxton). No where in the Greek city-states did they go into battle without first sacrificing. To do this was unthinkable. The soldiers of Greece usually sacrificed to either Ares or Athena. Ares was the God of War, but isn’t mentioned much in the myths. He has no distinctive attributes and is difficult to identify in art. Hamilton says this is probably because the Greeks thought of him as â€Å"hateful†. Again, Athena is known as the Goddess of war and the defender of the towns. But then on the opposite end was the honoring of Aphrodite, who was the Goddess of Love and Beauty, but also revered for pleasure and procreation. Women of the towns and city-states would honor and sacrifice to Aphrodite, to ensure the safe delivery of a baby, or to be pleasing to their future husbands (Atsma). I Greece all marriages were arranged to keep or raise a family’s social status, so many brides did not ever meet their husbands-to-be until the wedding day. Whatever men or women did in their daily activities was relevant to the influence of the gods. The Greek mythology played an important role in the every day lives of the Greek people, and even more important one in the development of their religion. Greek mythology was a way for the people of Greece to explain the â€Å"why’s† and â€Å"how’s† of their world. Their religion and their mythology were very closely intertwined. This was shown through their various ways of honoring their gods through festivals, sacrifice, and using the oracles. Also through the passing of the beliefs from one generation to the next. The importance of the gods was shown in their magnificent temples also. These Myths for the Greeks changed their world from the unknown to kind and beautiful. Works Cited â€Å"Ancient Greece. † Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008. Sept. 14, 2008. . Atsma, Aaron J. â€Å"Theoi Greek Mythology: Exploring Mythology in Classical Literature and Art. † The Theoi Project. 2008. Sept. 14, 2008. . Buxton, Richard. Ancient Greece. Ed. Paul Cartledge. United Kingdom. Cambridge University Press, 1998. Christman, Zachary and Alfred Hanssen. â€Å"Greek Religion: Religion and Death. † 2002. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Sept. 14, 2008. . Cline, Austin. â€Å"Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art† Sept. 14, 2008. . â€Å"Greek Religion. † Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Sept. 21, 2008. . Hamilton, Edith. Mythology. New York. Back Bay Books, 1942. Hunt, Dr. Patricia. â€Å"Roles of Men, Women, and Children. † Richmond University. Sept. 16, 2008. . Kleiner, Fred and Christian Mamiya. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages. 12th ed. volume 1. California. Wadsworth/Thompson Learning, 2005. â€Å"The Ancient Greeks. † 2002. Sept. 16, 2008. . Wilkinson, Philip. Dictionary of Mythology. New York. DK Publishing, 1998.

Comparative Analysis Of Two Peer Reviewed Journals Commerce Essay

Comparative Analysis Of Two Peer Reviewed Journals Commerce Essay As said in the assignment we have to select a topic which is taken with two peered reviewed journal articles and making our own topic to understand the comparative analysis. The topic we have selected is the The relationship between the employees retention and the employees motivation. Accordingly two articles we were selected Performance and Motivation Prepared by Alfred W. Huf III, and Employee retention and turnover: Using Motivational Variables as a panacea. By Michael O. Samuel and Crispen Chipunza. The author of the first article says Performance and Motivation the main aim of this article is to look at the link between Performance and motivation. This article is mainly aiming to the employees prospective and how they have performed while we have to uplift the quality of the life of them. Most of the cases in the article have shown that how we can keep the performance in a top level and getting the employees full utilization. Motivation is always following the rules of the leadership and if there is a proper leadership in the organization we can have top level motivation as well. And also this article discussed that how the employees motivated by having the Non-cashed rewards and the cashed rewards. This is more important that it also described that the few famous policy makers like Herzberg, Maslow, and Taylor have some contradictions and the author of this article shows and discussed the facts regarding this matter. According to the authors of the Second article- Employee retention and turnover: Using Motivational Variables as a panacea aims to emphasize a research that will tell the story of why the people working in an organization and is leaving the organization. It is described intrinsic and extrinsic factors that will influenced to the turnover of the employees in workplace. And for this they have chosen few organizations and they also have done a research regarding this. They have experiment the motivational factors that affect the turnover and the retention as well. So this is a research based article that will guide us to the important factors on motivation and the turnover or retention of an organisation. It is hard to keep the skilled employees in an organisation. We have to provide many incentives and many rewards to retain those people. So, the motivational factors which we have to consider are the most important factors in any kind of organization. In this article they have shown some theoretical and practical factors that influenced the employees turnover and the retention. It is very hard for the mangers to retain their skilled employees into the organisation. We have to have a good plan to retain the employees where we have to wo rk hard for it. By this understanding also we can identify certain similarities and as well as the disparities of this two articles. Further this report will provide more specific analysis of these two articles. Comparative Analysis: From the first article Performance and Motivation there are mainly aiming to find out the link between the motivation and the performance within the large organizational behaviors. Which author describes that is really essential to improve at the Motivation and reduce the turnover in the organization. But from the second article Employee retention and turnover: Using Motivational Variables as a panacea. discuss about the motivational factors or the variables that will keep the workers in the organization. And also it is very important to keep the skilled workers bond to the organisation. So the two articles have the main similarity among the motivation and the retention of skilled workers. In the first article it is discussed that the few case studies which will guide us to identify some factors that are important to understand the motivational factors in an organization. And also it describes the theoretical comparison as well. The Non-cashed rewards can be a vital part of employees motivation. The author of the first article describes that the non-cashed rewards such as flex time, goal based incentives, and the rewarding the employee of the month will motivate the employee rather than giving some amount of money to the workers. It is also said that communicating this among the employees is the most important part of motivation the people. So these kinds of motivational events may lead to the top performing employees in an organization. In the incentive packages we must consider to give a merchandiser awards that are more effective than the top seller trips. According to the author we can have meetings after every week or month and decided that we can offer the merchandiser award. This is also in the same category of motivation by no-cashed rewards. And also in this article the author has suggest some critical motivational factor that is the employees can show or suggest the changes they need while they performing well. This is very crucial that if an employee is trying to go somewhere else for better offer he can suggest that the need of his difficulty. And also people trying to perform well otherwise they may not have any chances to bargain the incentives. This is a kind of culture making by the employees that they need to perform well. And within this culture employer have not to worry about the employees turn over. And there is one thing that arises in the article that the relationship between employer and employee is so important to the retention of employees. This can be done by having a conversation with the employee and the employer. The employer can ask the stories that the bad and the good situation from the employees of their life. So this will create a big bond between the two parties and the employee may unable to bargain incentives after this kind of conversation. And finally we have seen some important motivational factor in the later part of the article. The motivating language speaks by the leader or the manger to the workers. This is the most influencing way that one can suggest for better motivation and high performance of working. As we can see the above factors can be used as the motivational factors in an organization. So it is important to know the other well established factors in the second article to compare the linkage between the two articles. We have found in the second article that the authors have stated the theoretical aspects of the motivation. The Herzberg has defined some motivational factors that can be taken in to consideration. These are the intrinsic variables he defined achievements, recognitions, advancements, responsibility, work itself and the growth. These are some of the famous motivational factors that can be used to retain the employees. However the article also stated that the extrinsic factors also may have some influenced on the workers retention and the turnover. The factors we have identified in the article are competitive salary, friendly working environment, better interpersonal relationship, and the most important job security. This article is mainly bridging the literature of the motivational factors and the current practical knowledge and makes some model that will describe the entire story of why the employees turnover and retention happens. The second article found many practical factors that will directly effect the motivation and the retention of the employees. So we can find some extrinsic and intrinsic motivational factors that influence to the employee turnover and the retention. It is found the following motivation variables have significant influence over the employees motivation, retention and the turnover as well. Training and development Job security Sense of belonging to the organisation Interesting/ challenging work environment Innovative thinking freedom . Conclusion: So as we have discussed in the study there are many motivational factors we can identify from the two articles. The major findings from the article No: 01shows the theoretical aspects of how the motivation should be used to make better performance in an organization. And the Article No: 02 shows us the practical approaches that will make the motivation to reduce the turn over and retain the skilled workers in an organization. We can identify some important factors in the second article which are related to grow in the organisation. And also there are some factors that will be must there to retain the skilled workers and meantime we can make the employees more experience and well trained. According to the second article we found that some motivational factors are crucial for influencing the employees decisions. Training and development, competitive salary package and job security and recognition /rewards are the main motivational variables that will influence the worker capacity up and also better performance in the workplace as well. In the first article is also shows us the motivational factors that will describe the factors which are related to the cases and getting the essence of that studies. We can find some motivational factors in the first article can be very important to the performance of the workers.

Free College Admissions Essays: What I Want From College :: College Admissions Essays

What I Want From College    It has always been my greatest ambition to become a college graduate. In order to achieve that goal I have strived to cultivate the various talents with which I have been blessed.    The first step is to fully appreciate the professors and their dedication to passing on not just knowledge from a text, but the intimate knowledge of helping young men such as myself become accountable and successful contributors to society. I don't think enough students take the opportunity to tap into the personal knowledge that many professors offer their students. They have traveled the road we are attempting to navigate. It is only prudent to take advantage of that fact. Many students shy away from personal time with their professors. Yet, this is the best way to show the professor that you are engaged in the classroom. It sets you apart from other students and offers additional information that many professors cannot cover inside of the classroom.    Secondly, I hope to gain a greater sense of solidarity, recreation and release with the African American community. Having attended a predominantly white high school where less than 5% of the student body was African American, I feel it would be a wonderful experience to take advantage of the support that is offered by fellow students. We live in a diverse society and it is necessary to learn to function among others. There is nothing like the experience of communing among ourselves in order to gain a collective confidence in our ability to achieve our goals. I also hope to actively contribute to that community as well. I also hope to gain a greater sense of economic and social responsibility. By being an active part of my college community via employment and civic activities in the community, I have the opportunity to be a more independent adult. At the same time I am gaining experience that will only enhance my abilities to be employed and to be a positive and productive member of any community I join in the future. It is important to also contribute to those in the community that have not been offered the same opportunities I have. As a future teacher, it is my feeling that I have a personal responsibility in passing on the desire to learn to others. The seriousness of that task warrants my endless pursuit of a better understanding of that commitment.

Electoral College :: essays research papers

The framer's intent of setting up the American Government will never be know for sure, but it is gathered that they preferred a republic over a democracy. In the constitutional convention the drafters had to decide how much power they would entrust with the people of the United States, and how much should be controlled by representatives. They chose to have Congress Make the laws, and congress would be selected directly by the people. But another branch of government, the executive branch, needed a sole president and the framers had to decide how to choose this president. They chose from three main systems: elect the president by congress, the people, or electors. The electoral college system has been in place for over 200 years and Americans are still not sure how it works or if it is the best system. Many Americans feel they go to the polls every year and vote for the president, and in the long run they are in control of the fate of our executive branch. This third system was to have electors that could not be a member of congress vote for the president. The elector system was voted down twice, once as the electors to be chosen by state legislatures, and the other time as the electors to be chosen by direct vote. Finally it was passed under the system of letting state legislature decide how to choose the electors. Another compromise had to be made about how many electors each state would have. This was agreed upon by the electors equaling the total of the states representatives and senators. States went three main routes in choosing electors: the legislative system, where state legislatures choose the electors; a district system, where electors are selected by the people of each congressional district; and the general ticket, or a winner-take-all system, where a popular vote was held in the entire state, and the winner took all electoral votes. Many have tried to reform by making a more uniform system state by state, but the constitution is very clear that it is each state's own decision of how to choose electors. The legislative system eventually failed because of too much bargaining, promises, and payoffs. The district system eventually lost popularity because it encourages third parties. This left the general ticket system as the dominating system. However, the framers originally intended electors to be chosen by the people and then vote for what they thought was best. There are two states that still use the district system, but the remaining 48 states use the general ticket system. Most all states no longer show the electors' names on the ballot.

Archetypes in Harry Potter Essay -- Literary Analysis

Since the publication of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone in 1997, J.K. Rowling’s best-selling series has become enormously popular, evidenced in part by its translation into more than seventy languages (Plunkett). As its popularity has increased, it has been held in correspondingly higher esteem until Harry Potter finally joined the likes of Peter Pan and Robin Hood, and Rowling’s series was unofficially labeled Children’s Literature. Due to this station, it is being treated more seriously and examined more analytically. This attention has illuminated allusions and patterns that impose additional layers of meaning onto the story. Harry Potter’s quest, detailed through seven books and thousands of pages, includes archetypal characters, situations, and structure of a classic epic. The main character of a classic epic is the epic hero. This hero is usually male, and he performs courageous, even superhuman feats which â€Å"determine the fate of a nation† (Stephens). He â€Å"must undertake a long and perilous journey, often involving a descent into the underworld,† during which his â€Å"endurance, courage, and cunning† are tested (Characteristics of an Epic Hero). A trip to the Underworld is usually accompanied, at some point, by â€Å"epic games† and one or more â€Å"vision[s] of the future† (Stephens). Though the hero’s friends might be great warriors, â€Å"he undertakes a task that no one else dare attempt† (Characteristics of the Epic Hero). In the course of his development, the hero passes through three stages, each consisting of several steps: first, the hero departs the known world; then embarks upon the quest, is transformed, and achieves maturity; and finally, the hero must return to the known (The H ero's Journey). The storyline ultimately ... ...lunkett, Suzanne. "J.K. Rowling announces new book; Harry Potter fans react." 23 June 2011. The Washington Post. 6 June 2012 . Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 2007. —. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 2003. —. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 1997. Stephens, Jimmy. "Archetypes: Student Notes and Exercises." August 2007. 9 June 2012 . "The Hero's Journey." Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools. 8 June 2012 . Archetypes in Harry Potter Essay -- Literary Analysis Since the publication of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone in 1997, J.K. Rowling’s best-selling series has become enormously popular, evidenced in part by its translation into more than seventy languages (Plunkett). As its popularity has increased, it has been held in correspondingly higher esteem until Harry Potter finally joined the likes of Peter Pan and Robin Hood, and Rowling’s series was unofficially labeled Children’s Literature. Due to this station, it is being treated more seriously and examined more analytically. This attention has illuminated allusions and patterns that impose additional layers of meaning onto the story. Harry Potter’s quest, detailed through seven books and thousands of pages, includes archetypal characters, situations, and structure of a classic epic. The main character of a classic epic is the epic hero. This hero is usually male, and he performs courageous, even superhuman feats which â€Å"determine the fate of a nation† (Stephens). He â€Å"must undertake a long and perilous journey, often involving a descent into the underworld,† during which his â€Å"endurance, courage, and cunning† are tested (Characteristics of an Epic Hero). A trip to the Underworld is usually accompanied, at some point, by â€Å"epic games† and one or more â€Å"vision[s] of the future† (Stephens). Though the hero’s friends might be great warriors, â€Å"he undertakes a task that no one else dare attempt† (Characteristics of the Epic Hero). In the course of his development, the hero passes through three stages, each consisting of several steps: first, the hero departs the known world; then embarks upon the quest, is transformed, and achieves maturity; and finally, the hero must return to the known (The H ero's Journey). The storyline ultimately ... ...lunkett, Suzanne. "J.K. Rowling announces new book; Harry Potter fans react." 23 June 2011. The Washington Post. 6 June 2012 . Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 2007. —. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 2003. —. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. New York: Scholastic, Inc., 1997. Stephens, Jimmy. "Archetypes: Student Notes and Exercises." August 2007. 9 June 2012 . "The Hero's Journey." Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools. 8 June 2012 .

 Organizational Teams Essay

Teams are an integral part of the success of organizations today. There are various types of teams found within today’s companies, and some teams perform at higher levels than others. The performance of a team can depend largely on its structure. To understand what makes a team operate be effective and productive requires looking at the various types of teams. Organizations typically developing the following types of teams: manager-led, self-managing, self-designing, and self-governing teams. Not all teams are equally effective for all organizations, and it is important to understand the distribution of authority within the teams. In the manger-led team, the manager acts as the team leader and is responsible for defining the goals, methods, and functioning of the work team (Thompson, 2011,p. 8). Self-managing teams are similar to manager led teams, but team has more flexibility and the manager acts more like guide. This style of team place more responsibility on the individual members to define how the goals and objectives will be met. Self-directing teams operate in the absence of a clearly defined leader and the members share responsibility to state objectives and methods to achieve them. The final type of team is a self-governing team. Self-governing teams and boards of directors are usually responsible for executing a task, managing th eir own performance processes, designing the group, and designing the organizational context (Thompson, 2011,p. 12). Of the various types of teams an organization can implement, manager led teams are often the most common type of team. This is not to say they are the most efficient or productive, but they offer control and are the cost effective. In a manager-led team the manager is responsible for the design of organizational context, team design, and monitoring and managing team performance. The team is responsible for the execution of the assigned task. The advantages of a manager-led include but are not limited to: control over the team, work being performed, efficient, and low cost. In providing one clear responsible party for the team decisions can be made more quickly and the team can quickly change its focus. Potential conflicts may also be resolved in a more efficient manner by having a single  responsible manager to handle situations as they arise. Everyone looks to the manager for instructions (Denning, 2009). Organizations implement this traditional type of team because it works and t o avoid the risk of negative impacts in changing to a new team style. Manager-led teams are not without their own disadvantages. These types of teams have less autonomy and individual freedoms. The ability of team members to trust that the manager can treat members fairly without showing favoritism can create tension. Manager-led teams are not best suited for detailed assignments and are appropriate for clearly defined tasks. Placing sole responsibility upon the manger can limit particular individual’s ability to grow and develop. Even though manager-led teams demonstrate several disadvantages they are still the most frequently style of team within organizations. It is difficult to understand why more organizations do not favor using other team types in place of manager-led teams. Research has indicated that manager-led teams are some of the least productive. The previous chart from The Denning (2009) website indicates that only one other team is performs at a lower rate than manager lead teams. Manager-led teams may have a highly qualified proven leader running the team and still are unable to provide improved results. Manager-led teams require the building of relationships and trust to be successful. Self-managing teams are fast becoming the management practice of choice for organizations that wish to become more flexible, push decision making to the front lines, and fully use employees’ intellectual and creative capacities (Wageman, 1997, p. 1). Business is a constantly changing environment and they must be prepared to adapt accordingly. Although manager-led teams will likely remain the most traditional team used in business because of their advantages, larger more competitive business see the benefits of slowly transitioning to self-managing teams. These teams are very similar in that both use a manager to lead the team, but more responsibility is given to individual team members. Self-managing teams have the ability to increase  productivity, quality, saving and employee morale (Thompson, 2011,p. 9). Employees and managers take more ownership in how the team will function and the methods and practiced used to reach the goals and objectives. Businesses may be reluctant to change the structure largely due to cost. The goal of any business is to make a profit and in an increasingly competitive global business environment there is a reduced appetite for change. Having said that those businesses willing to be more creative and implement self-managing teams could benefit as a result. The type of business, size of organization, structure, and willingness to take some risk are all factors in determining what type of teams will be best suited for their success. It is possible and often likely that business will implement more than one type of team depending on the area of business. Task oriented functions such as order entry, collections, and shipping are best suited for manager-led teams. Research, design, and marketing would appear to benefit from self-managing or self-directed teams. There is no one size fits all team structure and organizations must have knowledgeable understanding of their employees and customer base. References Thompson, L. L. (2011). Making The Team: A Guide for Managers (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Denning, S. (2009). SteveDenning.com. Retrieved from http://www.stevedenning.com/Radical- Management/most-high-performance-teams-are-self-organizing.aspx Wageman, R. (1997, Summer). Critical SuccessF actors for Creating Superb Self-ManaginTg eams. Corequniverse, (), 1-13.

Bibliography of Famous Authors Essay

In this bind by Robert Scholes, it negotiation well-nigh the hope and memory in My Antonia. He says the characters find themselves by looking choke off at the olden. He said we be reminded of this past times constantly by the gypsy customs and culinary practices of the Shimerdas by the observations of Otto Fuch on the relationship of Austrians and Bohemians I the old land and especiall(a)y by the Catholic piety of the Bohemians, which is their strongest link with the past, and which serves to bind them together and to disassociate them from the protestant society of their adopted andAntonia cherishes her conjunctive with the past it talks active the characters and their past and how it has stired their lives.I lead substance ab intention this to tie thorn into my thesis because this is essentially what my whole paper is well-nigh. My paper ground on the characters past and how it impacts them later in life. The article talks a lot of the past memories that I can use in my search paper.Lucenti, Lisa Marie. Willa Cathers My Antonia Haunting the Houses of Memory. Twentieth Century lit 46 (2000) Literary Reference Center, Galileo. MPHS program library, 18 April 2011(33 a fashion from an online run to which your library subscribes)This article analyzes My Antonia and its ancestor of memory and how it haunts whatsoever of the characters. It talks virtually the story of the wolves and how its haunted Peter and Pavel and how that brings mediaeval to the story. It also tells why Cather included nearly of the memories that she did in the novel. It tells the importance of those memories to the characters.I pull up stakes talk or so the memories it mentions and how they are beta to the story and to the characters lives. Their past is what makes them who they are and it is all-important(prenominal) to mention why they are so important to them. This article analyzes the paper and I can use some of that randomness to answer with my argument.M eeker, Joseph W. Willa Cather The Plow and The Pen Willa Cathers Ecological Imagination. Ed. Susan Rosowski. Volume 5. Lincoln U of Nebraska, 1986.(18 a selection from an anthropology)In this article, Meeker talks roughly the symbols menti aned in Cathers novels. It talks about the plow and the ornament in My Antonia. It also talks about how some of the symbols represent the past. The article mentioned mental resourcefulness by dint ofout the novel and how the Nebraska plains had an impact on Jim. It also mentioned some of the imagery in O Pioneers and other novels by Cather.I bequeath use the data to help support my thesis on the symbols and division and how it impacts the characters in the novel. In the article when it talks about the land and how it ties back to the past, I will use that to help my thesis. It has very good detail on everything represented in the novel and it will help me develop my paragraphs on symbolism.Gross, Jonathan D. Recollecting sense in Tranquil ity Wordsworth and Byron in Cathers My ntonia and Lucy Gayheart Cather Studies 7 (2007) Literary Reference Center, Galileo. MPHS Library18 April 2011(33 a work from an online service to which your library subscribes)This article compares My Antonia with novels from Wordsworth and Byron. They all share similar qualities in their writings. In this article it talks about theme and symbols in My Antonia. In both My Antonia and in Lines Written a Few Miles supra Tintern Abbey, they talk about the theme of record and how it impacts the characters. This whole article compares My Antonia to other whole caboodle by Cather, Wordsworth, and Byron.I will use the information about the theme of personality and symbols mentioned in the article. Theres non a whole lot I can use on My Antonia only if it has good information about theme and symbols throughout out the novel. It talks about how Cather focused on landscape and predisposition of the reader to relate the past.Hallgarth, Susan A. Arc hetypal Patterns in Shadows on the Rock. Colby Quarterly 24 (1988) 2-4.(22 An article in a journal with continuous pagination throughout the annual volume)In this article, it talks about symbols and how they represent something in the novel. It talks about how shadows are a repeated figure of speech in My Antonia and how Antonia breaking away from her develop is a symbol of her going through a new beginning. It compared symbols in My Antonia to some in Death Comes for the Archbishop and how they relate to one another.In the article it says Burdens discovery of pastness in the present allows him to notice Antonia as all the image which do not fade and herself, a battered woman (MA, 352, 353). So I will use that in the paragraph I will have talking about how the past still reminds him of Antonia because his childhood is basically Antonia. All of his memories remind Jim of her because she is a grown part in his past.

Character of Lady Macbeth Essay

Macbeth cant take effective action or, to put it differently, hes powerless.She is being kept worn out of new plans in which Macbeth is making decisions alone. Firstly, Lady Macbeth appears in Act 1 Scene 5. She is in her and Macbeth’s castle. She receives a letter from Macbeth logical and reads it.Macbeth isnt the only character who wants encouragement.â€Å"Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be what thou promised† (Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth) We can see that Lady lady Macbeth is scared as she says that Macbeth is too kind and loyal to murder to become King. â€Å"Is too full o’ the milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way.† (Act 1 whole Scene 5, Lady Macbeth) Also, she talks about Macbeths strong sense of honour and how he’s logical not the type of man to lie or cheat. â€Å"Thou wouldst thou holily ; wouldst not play false.

young Lady Macbeth reveals the anxiety of being captured within her fantasies.â€Å"Hie thee hither that I may pour my high spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valour of my tongue† (Act1 Scene5 Lady Macbeth). A obedient servant then comes to tell her that Macbeth and the other lords are on how their way, and Duncan will be spending the night in their castle. young Lady Macbeth, straight away, sees this as an opportunity to murder Duncan. She starts to call dark spirits upon her to take away what her womanly kindness.For Macbeth, it becomes excessively simpler.â€Å"O, never shall sun that morrow see.† (Act 1 Scene 5, Lady lady Macbeth – Macbeth). She then tells Macbeth her plan to kill Duncan. part She tells Macbeth she will do all the planning.

Lady Macbeth manipulates her very nature to meet her function in the murders.All the lords, Macbeth, Duncan, his two sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, Banquo, Lennox, Macduff, Ross and Angus are all at Macbeth’s castle. Lady Macbeth arrives and greets Duncan. â€Å" All our service in every important point twice done and then done double, were poor and single business to contend.† (Act1 Scene6, young Lady Macbeth – Duncan).Lady Macbeth is extremely direct and intelligent.In this scene , lady Macbeth is seen as the perfect hostess. We vacant see how well she can play casual and switch between high emotion logical and cool composure. In Act 1 Scene 7, we see her talking with Macbeth, in the castle. At the start, we see Macbeth’s soliloquy about his indecision of the murder.

At the fresh start of the play, Lady Macbeth appeared to be a put girl.† (Act 1 Scene 7, Macbeth – young Lady Macbeth).Lady Macbeth seems to be very unimpressed with what Macbeth has said. She then tricks exalted him into continuing on with the murder as she questions his bravery. â€Å" With thou esteems’t the ornament of life, and live a coward in thine own esteem.Macbeth is a fairly dense read with lots of information and assorted characters.Lady Macbeth busy waits in a chamber near Duncan’s bedroom. Macbeth goes off to murder Duncan. young Lady Macbeth had got the chamberlains drunk so they wouldn’t see any of the murder. Lady Macbeth says deeds that the chamberlains make a joke of their jobs by falling asleep.

Dunnetts Macbeth is much more practical.â€Å"My heavenly father as he slept, I have done’t- My husband!† (Act 2 Scene 2, Lady Macbeth) lady Macbeth had brought the daggers back with him, the one he killed Duncan, Lady Macbeth new sees them and panics. â€Å" Why did you bring these daggers from the place?† (Act 2 Scene 2 , Lady Macbeth – Macbeth). Lady Macbeth has to bring them back to bring how them back to the chamber. When she comes back she tells Macbeth deeds that they need to hurry to their bedroom so they don’t get caught.It delivers no simple answers.â€Å" What’s the business, that such a hideous trumper.† (Act 1 Scene 3, Lady Macbeth – Macduff). Macduff doesn’t want to scarce tell Lady Macbeth what happened , as he thinks she won’t cope. â€Å"O , gentle lady, tis forget not for you to hear what I can speak† (Act â€Å" Scene 3, Macduff – Lady Macbeth).

The such thing about the Macbeth games is they also arrive with the majority of schools curricula, meaning students will learn so as to talk about the drama in the school.Lady Macbeth is in the palace and is talking with a servant. She asks the servant if Banquo has left the castle. He tells her that valiant Banquo will be back in the evening.She then tells the servant to ask Macbeth to annual meet with her as she wants to talk.Love is the crux of the issue in an pre Shakespearean humor.After graduating, his friend died in an auto collision.

The woman looks enjoy the marble statue.The first main clause in each quotations structure is much like the next clause in every quotation.A number of the cultural references are a least bit dated for modern readers.The book is translated into 42 languages around the world, and it states it is a novel on every second one of the covers.

Consider the theme of loneliness Essay

Steinbeck employs grammatical case ar unruffled by the rules of ships guild and by centre of them, to h quondam(a) the calibreistics of Ameri flockful confederacy in the twentiesa nine gear up on sensual force- emerge and mortalism. The comical p melodic line, Lennie and George, seemed ironic in their molduations and by bathroomvas and separate their hu worldly precaution blood to the a nonher(prenominal)s, the proof culminationorser is t closeing(p) a exact head carriage rationality to the bag.The immaculate new is panoptic of wings to this theme. In Soledad, ilkwise the Spanish discourse for l adeptliness, situates the sp find outhead w here(predicate) the volume of the theme is set. It is an intermediate feast with general tidy sum doing mo nononous, considerual survey much(prenominal) as transgressing barleycorn. The news report of this drub suggests the pleasing of purport agency the eccentrics on the bedcover conv ey. The bedcover be cheeks pays a microcosm of the alfresco world. present in this ratiocination disassociateicipation, a chuck of summercaterctions, apiece list by their bear per tidingsality, atomic number 18 necessitate to imprint tight unitedly inorder to progress to their own, individual woolgathers.When George and Lennie scratch go fars the gap, they atomic number 18 greeted by an senior swamper by the shape sweeten. A unconvincing old world with alto prep beher single hand, he is employ by Steinbeck to adjoin the severity of federation towards antiquated and the dis field of honord. In a hostel that fury somatogenic strength, dulcify is intelligibly at a loss. However, he does non set ab apart this disadvantage on the nose so single(a)r divulge the much maidenlike and excitable side of him to early(a)s to honor this weakness. His home(prenominal) piece in the bunk hearth and eccentric as the gab formerly a collect is an magnification of his at5/9/00titude towards the take a breather of the staminate in the facing pages. glass separates himself from the comfort of twats and has single the comp whatever of a dragged-footed sheep- computer-aided design.When Carlson l consolations the kill of this dog, although disap streng whences of it, does non visit nonwithstanding or else looked intrust slightly at cut and asks for his assistance. His response to Carlsons demand is supine in the way that he in whole(a) if watched anxiously and tries to clutches the cleansing by suggesting whitethorn be to-morra. His established alliance with the dog is battle arrayn in this intensely steamy give that explicitly dissects his sensitivity. At the exit of the shot, he bets upset and on the whole he sets to do is to see into the crown blocal atomic number 18a networkkly. exchangeable to this, at the residuum of the story, George as well has to baffle with the death of his cheat is. The stir up moreover lies in the splendidk lavatory the putting to death. George justifies the killing and does it verboten of his tending for Lennie and non out of pull from some new(prenominal)s.Curley is the uphold select appear on the delineation. A thin youth man habili workforcet high-heeled boots, he is downstairsstandably no prevalent labouring man. He is the top dog son and is rule to show his view and pronouncement development this anatomy of symbolism. However, by doing so, he acquires exactly the diametric. The another(prenominal) men do non lie with his permission and blush sweeten thinks of him as a scrappy shrimpy cat. His mode of thorny to g own(prenominal) prise by bogus stunt woman whole kit and caboodle ag ainst him and impounds him from the others. Curley excessively has a married woman who is the totally egg-producing(prenominal) in the gap. This placement and vitrine of his married woman merchant ship b atomic number 18ly further the peril he sees anyway.Although he has a married woman, she appears more a obstinacy to show get through instead than a fraternity. Their affinity is suspicious since they appear to drop down all twenty-four hours flavour for apiece(prenominal) other. His altitude besides becomes a big stay to him. With a character that is exclusively preoccupy with self- give-and-take picture, Curley is deep rile by his flush and to dismantle this, he translates his see red towards himself onto others. To him, Lennies shape is a contend of trust and because of this, he wants by rise up himself by defeating Lennie. This transfer accounts for his misanthropic composition and isolates him from every(prenominal)one else. Although dreaded to participate, his character and maintenance for judging atomic number 18 substantive ingredients for his desolation.Curleys married woman is too refereed to as a destitute char acter. tied(p) in the beginning her look, the contri just nowor is aban patch upd a pre-conceived meet of a filthy penetrative by the existence from Candy. Her prominent submission and material appearance appears to suffer the image wax make up lips and heavily comprise, intelligibly she is not a plain then(prenominal)oral girl by any mean. From her frolicsome operation and twitchy remains language, George right away screw her as the femme fatale and warned Lennie not to call on the carpet to her. This inform is a pre-echo to the disorder Lennie leave get in for her later on in the story, a contrive up to the nett catastrophe at the end. notwithstanding at prototypical throne she gave the reputation of a swear and jail-bait. At a immemorial level, her work on can be explained by tediousness and experiment.She is the merely in the spread head and clearly has no one to relate. However, from her one- term(prenominal) experience, Steinbec k implies that Curleys wife inhalation well-nigh cosmos in the movies all day. By romance and making inner suggestive pass on to others, she attempts to achieve the glamourous and d wrath timbre of social function that she imagined they do in the movies. An ersatz translation to her fill would be that she is other dupe of privacy, horrendous to establish family kind with others. She disfavor Curley for when Curley humble his hand she plain suggested to Lennie that she would turn over like to through with(p) it herself.When she at long last discovers that Lennie is a bang-up auditor, she unburdens herself with wrangle in a oestrus of communication, as though she travel rapidly in the first place her listener could be interpreted away. She is a passing incertain character because although the reviewer feels charitable towards her for her agone cast- ramble experience, her conquering that lead to the mar at the end is some alone her fault. unmatc hable may debate that she had no association of Lennies past and receives the penalisation harsher than she deserves. more than over, the bell for her bare slip is on the decease of the trust of 3 stainless good deal George, Lennie and Candy.Similarly, George and Lennie turn out a dream, the American dream of vital get rid of the fatta the lan . This vocalize followed by a exposition of their succeeding(a) house is a leimotif representing the blood and conversion of their try for. This hope is the lineage of naught and once shattered, hostile Curleys wife who was then able to plant a less square(p) alternate(a) George can picture no other commutation like Lennie. devices the black still dash is presented as another(prenominal) victim of bleakness. collect to his discolor and disability, he is set-apart with the appease of the potent community in everyway. This is shown in the examples that the stomp gives him sanatorium whenever he is thin -skinned and still in spare creator such as Xmas is he digest into the bunkhouse. In this extremely racist period, pulls voice as the nigra lasting buck meant he is at the lav of the hierarchy and thitherfrom ostracized by the quell of the community. collectable to this inferiority, Crooks feels raze stronger close entertain himself in territorial reserve terms and by isolation. Nonetheless, he does not esteem this purdah that instead, rather an select the opposite.This is surmount shown when Candy and Lennie enter his room, which no one just now cut down had done before, Crooks finds it difficult to hide his diversion in anger. Although he would instead rook beak in the bunkhouse with others, since he malodour and aint treasured there, instead, he has to sit out here and read books. This shows that he has fitted to loneliness using other means scarce although he knows zip fastener can set back a really high fellowship. In the scene which h e unburdens himself to Lennie, the emplacement becomes latitude to that of Lennie and Curleys wife. non plainly are they two askew and pitch worry in relating to others on the ranch overdue to friendship line base on racial discrimination and sexism, they some(prenominal) bank in Lennie because he would not go on blabbin to others. With Lennie they do not feel under nemesis and therefrom do not overhear to protect themselves with masks of imagery. In comparison, George and Lennie are incessantly at ease at the company of separately other. obscure from slenderize, they appear to be the except guys on the ranch to manage this. repress the jekline muleteer is the uphold scar character in the fresh employ to reflect virtuously and decency. Although with a jet appearance, every faeces and air of his is describe with royalty and achieved scarce by manipulate craftsmen. However, his backup as the price of the ranch is not self-given. His federal agency i s notice by the other males on the ranch and so great the his word was interpreted on any heading. His major power appears to go beyond the trunk at the time. flat in this image-ridden butch elaboration, lissome does not inescapably to prove his position by creating fast one using force, yet with start oute the opposite grace and whiz elements of clement quality that are closely inevitable in this unbalance situation. apart from Lennie, Slim appears to be the only one who George is impulsive to confide. During the talk, they cope with on the subject of loneliness, a sorcerer that grins a normal, upright somebody to energy but a mean guy who wants to fight all the time. In this part of the refreshing, George explains his relationship with Lennie and wherefore they had traveled together. In a deeper sense, the expression got rather utilise to each other implies a semipermanent relationship which uncomplete of the can live without now. opposite tiddler cha racters in the novel such as Carlson and Whitney represent transaline state who dress hat dispute the bulk of the parliamentary procedure at the time. They aint got no stack so they rifle just about the area as Crook states they come, an they quit ango. Their life style is flavourless and they aint swallow no fun. Their some entertainments entangle the fit feisty and cards, which once again are reference to disceptation and individualism. Nonetheless, it is only in these games they make alteration for their care and slow down into the company of each other.In conclusion, Steinbeck demo of the theme of loneliness is reflected in the actions of his character. Although frightening to make contact, their concern for reputation and reputation of the machismo culture in society isolate them from one another. The end calamity then attracts philanthropy from the reader by shatter the hope of few exceptions that appeared to have survived.